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- Peripheral Vascular Disease
-
- I. Pathophysiology
- 1. Virchows Triad
- A) Stasis
- B) Intimal abnormalities
- C) Altered coag status
- 2. Process begins in deep veins of calf in 80% of patients
- A) When process begins in calf progression to popliteal or
- iliac occurs in 10%
- B) Can also arise in femoral and iliac veins
- 3. Up to 3% of all surg patients will develop DVT with clinical
- manifestations (MANY others will develop it without clinical
- findings)
- A) Ceratin operations have higher incidences
- 1) Total hip replacement = ^^^^ incidence
- 4. Any illness that involves long periods of bed rest may cause
- DVT
- 5. Any illness that involves any stasis ill also cause DVT
- A) CHF
- B) CVA
- 6. Malignant diseaseis also associated
- A) Especially adenocarcinoma
- 7. May develop up to two weeks post-op
- II. Deep Vein Thrombosis
- 1. Clinical Presentation
- A) Pain in calf or thigh (occaisionally in whole leg)
- 1) Can be dull ache, tight feeling or frank pain especially on
- walking
- 2) occaisionally associated with swelling
- B) ASYMPTOMATIC (50%)
- C) May present with dypnea/chest pain from Pulm Embol.
- D) Physical Signs are unreliable
- E) May have Hx of:
- 1) CHF
- 2) Recent Surgery
- 3) Oral contraceptive use
- 4) Varicose veins
- 5) Long period of inactivity
- 2. Diagnosis
- A) Physical signs unreliable
- B) Venography is diagnostic
- 1) Ascending contrast venography is most accurate and can
- define:
- a> location
- b> extent and degree of attachment of thrombus
- 2) Takes TIME, MONEY and causes PAIN for pt. so is not suitable
- for repeated monitoring or as screening
- 3) Most suitable for calf or intrabdominal venous thromb.
- 4) May exacerbate a thrombotic process in <5%
- C) plethysmography is abnormal
- D) Ultrasound is abnormal
- 1) Good for rapid screening of large veins in high risk
- patients and for detecting extension of of small thrombi in
- calf veins into popliteal or femoral
- 2) Operator dependant
- 3) May miss small thrombi in calf veins when collateral
- channels are present
- 4) accuracy approaches 85-90% for main channel deep venous
- obstruction
- E) May find distension of superficial collaterals
- F) If femoral or iliac veins are involved may find tenderness
- over these veins (swelling may be marked if involved)
- G) Skin may be cyanotic if obstruction is severe
- 1) may be pale & cool if reflex arterial spasm is superimposed
-
-
- III. Differential Diagnosis
-
- 1. Calf muscle Strain/contusion
- 2. Cellulitis
- 3. Lymphatic obstruction 2* tumor or irradiation
- 4. Acute arterial occlusion
- 5. Ruptured Baker Cyst
-
- IV. Complications
- 1. Pulmonary Embolism
- 2. Chronic Venous Insufficiency (with or without varicosities)
-
- V. Prevention
- 1. Elevate foot of bed 15-20 degrees
- 2. Leg excercises
- 3. Intermittant pneumatic compression of legs
- 4. Elastic Antiphlebetic Stockings
- 5. Anticoagulation
- A) Heparin 5,000 u Q 8-12 hrs
- 1) adjust PTT to upper half of normal
- 2) adjust PT (warfarin) to 1.3 - 1.5 times the control
- B) ASA 150 mg Q daily
-
- VI. Treatment
- 1. Locally
- A) Elevate legs 15-20 degrees
- B) Bed rest until tenderness is gone - usually a week for calf
- or 10-14 days for thigh or pelvic thrombosis
- 1) Allows time for thrombus to adhere to venous wall
- 2. Medical Measures
- A) Anticoagulants
- 1) PREFERRED Treatment for DVT with or without PE
- a> Heparin for 7-10 days then oral Warf for at least 12 weeks
- 1> No data to support these regimens though but seem OK
- 2> May consider leaving on anticoag if predisposing cnditions
- exists (CHF etc)
- 3> Remeber that Heparin will only stop progression not affect
- the thrombus in place already.
- 3. Prognosis
- A) Usually returns to normal activity within 3-6 weeks
- B) Good prognosis once danger of PE has passed
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- START THROMB OF SUPERFICIAL VEINS IN CURRENT
- HAVE NOT TAKEN NOTES FROM ESSENTIALS OF GEN SURG YET
-